Analyzing bivariate cross-trait genetic architecture in GWAS summary statistics with the BIGA cloud computing platform.

As large-scale biobanks provide increasing access to deep phenotyping and genomic data, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are rapidly uncovering the genetic architecture behind various complex traits and diseases. GWAS publications typically make their summary-level data (GWAS summary statistics) publicly available, enabling further exploration of genetic overlaps between phenotypes gathered from different studies and cohorts. However, systematically analyzing high-dimensional GWAS summary statistics for thousands of phenotypes can be both logistically challenging and computationally demanding. In this paper, we introduce BIGA (https://bigagwas.org/), a website that aims to offer unified data analysis pipelines and processed data resources for cross-trait genetic architecture analyses using GWAS summary statistics. We have developed a framework to implement statistical genetics tools on a cloud computing platform, combined with extensive curated GWAS data resources. Through BIGA, users can upload data, submit jobs, and share results, providing the research community with a convenient tool for consolidating GWAS data and generating new insights.

YBX1 promotes type H vessel-dependent bone formation in an m5C-dependent manner.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) interact with RNA and ubiquitously regulate RNA transcripts during their life cycle, playing a fundamental role in the progression of angiogenesis-related diseases. In the skeletal system, endothelium-dependent angiogenesis is indispensable for bone formation. However, the role of RBPs in endothelium-dependent bone formation is unclear. Here, we show that RBP-Y-box-binding protein 1 (YBX1) was strongly reduced in the bone vasculature of ovariectomy (OVX) mice. Endothelial cell-specific deletion of Ybx1 impaired CD31-high, endomucin-high (CD31hiEMCNhi) endothelium morphology and resulted in low bone mass whereas Ybx1 overexpression promoted angiogenesis-dependent osteogenesis and ameliorated bone loss. Mechanistically, YBX1 deletion disrupted CD31, EMCN, and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) stability in an m5C-dependent manner and blocked endothelium-derived BMP4 release, thereby inhibiting osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells. Administration of recombinant BMP4 protein restored impaired bone formation in Ybx1 deletion mice. Tail vein injection of CD31-modified polyethylene glycol-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) carrying sciadopitysin, a natural YBX1 agonist, pharmacologically partially reversed CD31hiEMCNhi vessels' decline and improved bone mass in both OVX and aging animals. These findings demonstrated the role of RBP-YBX1 in angiogenesis-dependent bone formation and provided a therapeutic approach for ameliorating osteoporosis.

Dysregulation of histone modifications in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during skeletal ageing: roles and therapeutic prospects.

Age-associated bone diseases such as osteoporosis (OP) are common in the elderly due to skeletal ageing. The process of skeletal ageing can be accelerated by reduced proliferation and osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Senescence of BM-MSCs is a main driver of age-associated bone diseases, and the fate of BM-MSCs is tightly regulated by histone modifications, such as methylation and acetylation. Dysregulation of histone modifications in BM-MSCs may activate the genes related to the pathogenesis of skeletal ageing and age-associated bone diseases. Here we summarize the histone methylation and acetylation marks and their regulatory enzymes that affect BM-MSC self-renewal, differentiation and senescence. This review not only describes the critical roles of histone marks in modulating BM-MSC functions, but also underlines the potential of epigenetic enzymes as targets for treating age-associated bone diseases. In the future, more effective therapeutic approaches based on these epigenetic targets will be developed and will benefit elderly individuals with bone diseases, such as OP.

Splicing factor YBX1 regulates bone marrow stromal cell fate during aging.

Senescence and altered differentiation potential of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) lead to age-related bone loss. As an important posttranscriptional regulatory pathway, alternative splicing (AS) regulates the diversity of gene expression and has been linked to induction of cellular senescence. However, the role of splicing factors in BMSCs during aging remains poorly defined. Herein, we found that the expression of the splicing factor Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) in BMSCs decreased with aging in mice and humans. YBX1 deficiency resulted in mis-splicing in genes linked to BMSC osteogenic differentiation and senescence, such as Fn1, Nrp2, Sirt2, Sp7, and Spp1, thus contributing to BMSC senescence and differentiation shift during aging. Deletion of Ybx1 in BMSCs accelerated bone loss in mice, while its overexpression stimulated bone formation. Finally, we identified a small compound, sciadopitysin, which attenuated the degradation of YBX1 and bone loss in old mice. Our study demonstrated that YBX1 governs cell fate of BMSCs via fine control of RNA splicing and provides a potential therapeutic target for age-related osteoporosis.

Eye-brain connections revealed by multimodal retinal and brain imaging genetics in the UK Biobank.

As an anatomical extension of the brain, the retina of the eye is synaptically connected to the visual cortex, establishing physiological connections between the eye and the brain. Despite the unique opportunity retinal structures offer for assessing brain disorders, less is known about their relationship to brain structure and function. Here we present a systematic cross-organ genetic architecture analysis of eye-brain connections using retina and brain imaging endophenotypes. Novel phenotypic and genetic links were identified between retinal imaging biomarkers and brain structure and function measures derived from multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), many of which were involved in the visual pathways, including the primary visual cortex. In 65 genomic regions, retinal imaging biomarkers shared genetic influences with brain diseases and complex traits, 18 showing more genetic overlaps with brain MRI traits. Mendelian randomization suggests that retinal structures have bidirectional genetic causal links with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Overall, cross-organ imaging genetics reveals a genetic basis for eye-brain connections, suggesting that the retinal images can elucidate genetic risk factors for brain disorders and disease-related changes in intracranial structure and function.

Discovery of potent and selective HER2 PROTAC degrader based Tucatinib with improved efficacy against HER2 positive cancers.

HER2 is a validated therapeutic target for HER2 positive breast cancer and gastric cancer. TKIs have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with HER2 positive cancer. However, the pan-HER TKIs always caused gastrointestinal and skin side effects, and acquired drug resistance inevitable compromised their therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we describe the discovery of the first potent and selective HER2 PROTAC degrader based Tucatinib with improved antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The preferred selective HER2 PROTAC, CH7C4, efficiently degraded HER2 with DC50 of 69 nM and Dmax of 96%, and inhibited the proliferation of BT-474 cells with IC50 of 0.047 ± 0.006 nM via long lasting HER2 degradation and strong repression of downstream pathway. Moreover, CH7C4 had acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles with a half-life of 5.31 h, and significantly inhibited the growth of BT-474 xenografts in vivo with TGI of 73%. As the first selective HER2 PROTAC degrader with better activity in vitro and in vivo than Tucatinib, CH7C4 provides new insights into the development of new therapeutic strategy for HER2 positive cancer.

Interactions between nuclear receptors glucocorticoid receptor α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α form a negative feedback loop.

Both nuclear receptors glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) are involved in energy and lipid metabolism, and possess anti-inflammation effects. Previous studies indicate that a regulatory loop may exist between them. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that glucocorticoids stimulate hepatic PPARα expression via GRα at the transcriptional level. This stimulation of PPARα by GRα has physiological relevance and PPARα is involved in many glucocorticoid-induced pathophysiological processes, including gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis during fasting, insulin resistance, hypertension and anti-inflammatory effects. PPARα also synergizes with GRα to promote erythroid progenitor self-renewal. As the feedback, PPARα inhibits glucocorticoid actions at pre-receptor and receptor levels. PPARα decreases glucocorticoid production through inhibiting the expression and activity of type-1 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which converts inactive glucocorticoids to active glucocorticoids at local tissues, and also down-regulates hepatic GRα expression, thus forming a complete and negative feedback loop. This negative feedback loop sheds light on prospective multi-drug therapeutic treatments in inflammatory diseases through a combination of glucocorticoids and PPARα agonists. This combination may potentially enhance the anti-inflammatory effects while alleviating side effects on glucose and lipid metabolism due to GRα activation. More investigations are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism and the relevant physiological or pathological significance of this regulatory loop.

Decreased Sclerostin Secretion in Humans and Mice With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Objectives: Growing evidence argues for a relationship between liver and bone metabolisms. Sclerostin is a secreted glycoprotein and could antagonize osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Previous studies indicated that circulating sclerostin levels may be associated with metabolic parameters with inconsistent results. This study was designed to evaluate serum sclerostin in patients with or without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to analyze its relationship with metabolic parameters in different populations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed and 168 NAFLD subjects and 85 control subjects were included in this study. Serum sclerostin and metabolic parameters were measured. Mouse models of NAFLD were also induced by high-fat diet. Bone structural parameters were determined using microCT and mRNA expression levels of sclerostin in bone and liver tissues were measured. Results: Our study suggested that circulating sclerostin levels were significantly lower in NAFLD subjects compared with normal controls. In NAFLD subjects, sclerostin was negatively correlated with multiple metabolic parameters, including waist circumference, urea, hepatic enzyme, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and triglyceride, while such correlation was not significant in control subjects. Circulating sclerostin was also negatively correlated with fatty liver index in NAFLD subjects but not in control subjects. Mice fed on a high-fat diet had reduced bone mass and lower sclerostin expression levels in both the bone and liver tissues. Conclusions: Our study suggested that the liver-lipid-bone interactions may play a key role in the abnormal bone metabolism in NAFLD, and circulating sclerostin may be a surrogate marker to reflect bone metabolism status in NAFLD subjects.

Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolic Signatures of High-Fat-Induced Bone Loss in Mice.

Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that high-fat diet (HFD) is a controllable risk factor for osteoporosis, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. As a primary biological barrier for nutrient entry into the human body, the composition and function of gut microbiota (GM) can be altered rapidly by HFD, which may trigger abnormal bone metabolism. In the current study, we analyzed the signatures of GM and serum metabolomics in HFD-induced bone loss and explored the potential correlations of GM and serum metabolites on HFD-related bone loss. Methods: We conducted a mouse model with HFD-induced bone loss through a 12-week diet intervention. Micro-CT, Osmium-µCT, and histological analyses were used to observe bone microstructure and bone marrow adipose tissue. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was applied to analyze gene expression related to osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the biochemical markers of bone turnover. 16s rDNA sequencing was employed to analyze the abundance of GM, and UHPLC-MS/MS was used to identify serum metabolites. Correlation analysis was performed to explore the relationships among bone phenotypes, GM, and the metabolome. Results: HFD induced bone loss accompanied by bone marrow adipose tissue expansion and bone formation inhibition. In the HFD group, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was increased significantly, while Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Epsilonbacteraeota, and Patescibacteria were decreased compared with the ND group. Association analysis showed that thirty-two bacterial genera were significantly related to bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV). One hundred and forty-five serum metabolites were identified as differential metabolites associated with HFD intervention, which were significantly enriched in five pathways, such as purine metabolism, regulation of lipolysis in adipocyte and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. Sixty-four diffiential metabolites were matched to the MS2 spectra; and ten of them were positively correlated with BV/TV and five were negatively correlated with BV/TV. Conclusions: These findings indicated that the alternations of GM and serum metabolites were related to HFD-induced bone loss, which might provide new insights into explain the occurrence and development of HFD-related osteoporosis. The regulatory effects of GM and metabolites associated with HFD on bone homeostasis required further exploration.

Bone marrow adipocytes enhance osteolytic bone destruction by activating 1q21.3(S100A7/8/9-IL6R)-TLR4 pathway in lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Bone metastasis is the result of complex crosstalk between tumor cells and bone marrow cells. Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs) are the most abundant cell type in adult bone marrow. Therefore, we explore the effects of BMAs on bone metastasis in lung cancer. METHODS: RNA-seq was used to compare the mRNA expression level of bone metastatic SBC5 cells and non-bone metastatic SBC3 cells. Rosiglitazone-induced marrow adiposity and intra-femoral injection of SBC5 cells were used to demonstrate the relationship between BMAs and SBC5 cells in vivo. Co-culture system, gene co-expression, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were used to explore the potential mechanism. RESULTS: BMAs specially enhance the invasion of bone metastatic SBC5 instead of non-bone metastatic SBC3 in vitro. SBC5 instead of SBC3 promoted osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation as well as de-differentiation of mature BMAs. Rosiglitazone-induced marrow adiposity significantly enhanced osteolytic lesion induced by SBC5 in vivo. RNA-seq revealed that compared with SBC3, S100A9 and S100A8 genes were the most prominent genes up-regulated in SBC5 cells. High expression of S100A8/9 in SBC5 could be responsible for the crosstalk between lung cancer cells and BMAs. More importantly, interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R), which is adjacent to S100A8/A9 in 1q21.3, was significantly up-regulated by BMAs in vitro. S100A8/A9 (1 µg/ml) could obviously enhance the osteoblastic differentiation and inhibit adipogenic differentiation, whereas TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 (10 µmol/l) significantly attenuated this effect. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that bone marrow adipocyte may communicate with lung cancer cells via 1q21.3 (S100A8/A9-IL6R)-TLR4 pathway to promote osteolytic bone destruction. 1q21.3 (S100A8/A9-IL6R) is a potential target for the treatment of lung cancer bone metastasis.

Interleukin-6 Knockout Inhibits Senescence of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in High-Fat Diet-Induced Bone Loss.

Obesity, a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, not only promotes bone loss, but also accelerates cell senescence. However, little is known about the mechanisms that link obesity, bone loss, and cell senescence. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pivotal inflammatory mediator increased during obesity, is a candidate for promoting cell senescence and an important part of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here, wild type (WT) and (IL-6 KO) mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. The results showed IL-6 KO mice gain less weight on HFD than WT mice. HFD induced trabecular bone loss, enhanced expansion of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), increased adipogenesis in bone marrow (BM), and reduced the bone formation in WT mice, but it failed to do so in IL-6 KO mice. Furthermore, IL-6 KO inhibited HFD-induced clone formation of bone marrow cells (BMCs), and expression of senescence markers (p53 and p21). IL-6 antibody inhibited the activation of STAT3 and the senescence of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from WT mice in vitro, while rescued IL-6 induced senescence of BMSCs from IL-6 KO mice through the STAT3/p53/p21 pathway. In summary, our data demonstrated that IL-6 KO may maintain the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in BM, and restrain senescence of BMSCs in HFD-induced bone loss.

A novel compound mutation in alpha-L-iduronidase gene causes mucopolysaccharidosis type I.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPSI) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene. IDUA contributes to the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans, including heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate. Deficient activity of IDUA generates accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes leading to MPS I. Here, we identified two boys with MPS I caused by a compound heterozygote of a reported c.265C > T (p.R89W) missense mutation in exon 2 and a novel c.1633G > T (p.E545*, 109) nonsense mutation in exon 11 of IDUA gene in a Chinese family. R89 is close to the active site and its replacement will affect the structure and function of IDUA. Besides, termination from E545 deletes one of the prominent domains and alters the spatial structure of IDUA. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a previously unrecognized mutation in IDUA gene and this report adds to the mutational spectrum observed.

The Unique Metabolic Characteristics of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue.

Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is distinct from white adipose tissue (WAT) or brown adipose tissue (BAT) for its location, feature and function. As a largely ignored adipose depot, it is situated in bone marrow space and resided with bone tissue side-by-side. MAT is considered not only as a regulator of bone metabolism through paracrine, but also as a functionally particular adipose tissue that may contribute to global metabolism. Adipokines, inflammatory factors and other molecules derived from bone marrow adipocytes may exert systematic effects. In this review, we summary the evidence from several aspects including development, distribution, histological features and phenotype to elaborate the basic characteristics of MAT. We discuss the association between bone metabolism and MAT, and highlight our current understanding of this special adipose tissue. We further demonstrate the probable relationship between MAT and energy metabolism, as well as glucose metabolism. On the basis of preliminary results from animal model and clinical studies, we propose that MAT has its unique secretory and metabolic function, although there is no in-depth study at present.

Betulinic acid impairs metastasis and reduces immunosuppressive cells in breast cancer models.

Breast cancer is the most common female cancer with considerable metastatic potential, explaining the need for new candidates that inhibit tumor metastasis. In our study, betulinic acid (BA), a kind of pentacyclic triterpenoid compound derived from birch trees, was evaluated for its anti-metastasis activity in vitro and in vivo. BA decreased the viability of three breast cancer cell lines and markedly impaired cell migration and invasion. In addition, BA could inhibit the activation of stat3 and FAK which resulted in a reduction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and increase of the MMPs inhibitor (TIMP-2) expression. Moreover, in our animal experiment, intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg/day BA suppressed 4T1 tumor growth and blocked formation of pulmonary metastases without obvious side effects. Furthermore, histological and immunohistochemical analyses showed a decrease in MMP-9 positive cells, MMP-2 positive cells and Ki-67 positive cells and an increase in cleaved caspase-3 positive cells upon BA administration. Notably, BA reduced the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the lungs and tumors. Interestingly, in our caudal vein model, BA also obviously suppressed 4T1 tumor pulmonary metastases. These findings suggested that BA might be a potential agent for inhibiting the growth and metastasis of breast cancer.

Niclosamide induces apoptosis through mitochondrial intrinsic pathway and inhibits migration and invasion in human thyroid cancer in vitro.

The morbidity of thyroid cancer has been rising obviously throughout the world during the past years. Classic treatment procedure is generally curable for low risk differentiated thyroid cancer, but may lead to many postoperative complications. And low-level of thyroid stimulating hormone after surgery has side effects on both cardiovascular system and skeletal system. Furthermore effective treatment approaches for more aggressive differentiated thyroid cancer, poorly differentiated thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer are absent, thus new candidates that can inhibit tumor growth and metastasis are urgently needed. In this study, niclosamide, an FDA approved anthelminthic drug, was evaluated for its anti-thyroid cancer activity in vitro. Niclosamide potently inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in human papillary thyroid cancer cell lines TPC-1 and BCPAP, as well as anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line ACT-1. In addition, the occurrence of TPC-1 apoptosis was correlated with activation of Bax and cleaved caspases-3, and inhibition of Bcl-2 and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔYm), indicating that niclosamide may induce apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Moreover, niclosamide markedly impaired TPC-1 cells and ACT-1 cells invasion. And we further found the inhibitory effect of TPC-1 was closely related with down-regulating of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 and up-regulating of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2. Taken together, these results demonstrated that niclosamide could be a potential agent for inhibiting the growth and metastasis of thyroid cancer.

[Effects of FGF-21 on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in High Glucose Environment].

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of fibroblast growth factor-21(FGF-21)on the osteogenic differention of human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) exposed to a hyperglycemia condition in vitro. METHODS: hBMSCs were isolated from adult bone marrows, and identified by Alizarin red and oil red O staining. The expressions of immunophenotype were analysed using flow cytometry (CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44).HBMSCs were divided into control group[glucose (Glu) concentration of 5.5 mmol/L], Glu A, B, C groups(Glu 16.5, 25, 40 mmol/L), FGF-21 group (Glu 5.5mmol/ L+ FGF-21 ),Glu B+ FGF-21 group, and Glu B +FGF-21+cell mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) blocker (PD98059, SP600125 ,and SB203580) groups. The effect of FGF-21 on the differentiation of hBMSCs was detected using indicators as follows: alkaline phosphatase(ALP)on day 14, mRNA expressions ofALP, osteocalcin(OCN)and Runx2, protein expressions and phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase(P38) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases(JNK) on day 21. RESULTS: hBMSCs differentiated into osteoblast cells and lipocyte. The hBMSCs were identified by flow cytometry.Compared with control group, significant increases of ALP mRNA, OCN mRNA and Runx2mRNA levels, as well as phosphorylation of ERK, P38 and JNK were observed in Glu A, B, C groups.Compared with Glu B group, ALP, OCN and Runx2 mRNA levels, and phosphorylation of ERK, P38 and JNK were decreased in Glu B+FGF-21 group .Compared with Glu B+FGF-21 group, ALP and Runx2 mRNA levels, and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and P38 were decreased in Glu B +FGF-21 +MAPK blocker groups. CONCLUSIONS: High glucose could promote the biomineralization of hBMSCs. FGF-21 in high glucose environment could inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.